A noun phrase (NP) in linguistics is a phrase based around a noun, functioning as a unit within a sentence. It typically includes the noun and its modifiers. For example, in the phrase “the big red ball,” “the big red ball” is a noun phrase, with “ball” as the head noun and “the,” “big,” and “red” as modifiers. Noun phrases can be simple, like “a cat,” or more complex, involving additional descriptors or clauses.

In linguistics, a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its associated elements, such as objects, complements, or adverbs. It functions as the predicate in a sentence, conveying the action or state described by the verb.

A prepositional phrase (PP) is a linguistic construct that consists of a preposition, its object (usually a noun or pronoun), and any associated modifiers. The preposition indicates the relationship between its object and other elements in the sentence. For example, in the phrase “on the table,” “on” is the preposition, and “the table” is the object of the preposition, forming a prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases often provide additional information about location, time, direction, or other aspects within a sentence.