Referring back (anaphora) or forward (cataphora) to elements in a discourse.

Alternating between two or more languages or dialects within a conversation is often influenced by the social context.

Shared knowledge or beliefs between speakers that aids communication.

Principles guiding effective communication, including the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner.

Strategies employed to fix misunderstandings or address communication breakdowns during a conversation.

Words whose interpretation depends on the context, like “this,” “that,” “here,” or “there.”

 The conditions required for a speech act to be considered successful or appropriate, considering factors like timing and participants.

Understanding meaning through the context or frame in which a statement is made.

Principles proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice that contribute to effective communication.

Inferred meaning that arises in communication, often through conversational implicature or conventional implicature.

Choosing a language to maintain social harmony, using politeness markers like “please” or employing indirect speech acts.

Words or phrases used to convey attitudes, emotions, or other pragmatic aspects, like “well,” “you know,” or “actually.”

Assumptions a speaker makes about what the listener already knows, as in “John regrets selling his car.”

Changing language style or level of formality based on the social setting or context.

A form of irony where there is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what occurs, often dependent on context.

Adjusting one’s language or communication style to match that of the interlocutor for better understanding or social integration.

Utterances that not only convey information but also perform an action, such as making a promise or giving a command.

A group of people who share a common language and communicative norms, influencing how language is used.

Adjusting language based on formality, familiarity, or context, such as using formal language in professional settings.

Observing conversational norms related to when speakers take turns in dialogue, preventing interruptions or overlaps.