Punjabi + IPT 

ਅ (a) = a in “car”

ਆ (aa) = a in “father”

ਐ (ai) = ai in “aim”

ਔ (au) = ou in “out”

ਛ (chh) = ch in “chat,” but aspirated.

ਢ (ḍ) = d (a retroflex “d” sound, similar to the “ḍ” in “ladder.”)

ਏ (e) = e in “egg”

ਫਾ (pha) = f as “ph” in “phone.”

ਘ (gh) = g (an aspirated “g” sound, like the “gh” in “ghost.”)

ਗ਼ (ġ) = g (voiced velar fricative sound, similar to the “gh” in the French word “l’argent.”)

ਇ (i) = i in “ink”

ਈ (ii) = ee in “feet”

ਝ (jh) = j in “judge,” but aspirated.

ਖ (kh) = k (an aspirated “k” sound, like the “k” in “kite.”)

ਖ਼ (k͟h) = kh (voiceless velar fricative sound, like the “kh” in the Arabic word “khubz”.)

ਖ਼਼ (kh͟h) = khh (a doubled voiceless velar fricative sound, found in some Arabic loanwords.)

ਖ਼਼਼ (k͟h͟h) = khh (a doubled voiceless velar fricative sound, not commonly used.)

ਲਾ (la) = l in “love.”

ਨਾਂ (ṉa) = n (nasal sound, similar to the “n” in “sing.”)

ਓ (o) = o in “go”

ਪਾ (pa) = p (a soft “p” sound, like the “p” in “spin.”)

ਸ਼ (sh) = sh in “shoe.”

ਠ (ṭ) = t (a retroflex “t” sound, similar to the “ṭ” in “butter.”)

ਉ (u) = u in “put”

ਊ (uu) = oo in “food”

ਜ਼ (z) = z (voiced dental fricative sound, similar to the “z” in “zero.”)