Stephen Krashen’s Monitor Model-brief overview

The Monitor Model is a theory developed by Stephen Krashen to explain second language acquisition (SLA). 

Stephen Krashen’s Monitor Model offers valuable insights into second language acquisition, emphasizing the crucial balance between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning. By understanding his five key hypotheses—Acquisition-Learning, Natural Order, Monitor, Input, and Affective Filter—educators and learners alike can better navigate the complexities of language learning.

Stephen Krashen’s Monitor Model-(brief overview):

Monitor Model (Krashen)

The Monitor Model consists of five key hypotheses, which explain how language learners acquire and use a second language (L2). The model focuses on the relationship between subconscious language acquisition and conscious learning.

1. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

• Key Idea: There are two distinct processes for learning a language: acquisition and learning.

  • Acquisition is the subconscious process of absorbing a language through exposure (like how children naturally pick up their first language).
  • Learning is the conscious process of studying language rules (e.g., grammar rules).

• Implications: Acquisition is more effective than learning, and children acquire languages more easily through exposure than adults through formal study.

2. Natural Order Hypothesis

• Key Idea: Language structures are acquired in a predictable, natural order.

  • For example, beginners may start with simple sentences and gradually acquire more complex structures over time.

• Implications: Language learners don’t acquire all grammatical rules at once but in a natural sequence based on their exposure to the language.

3. Monitor Hypothesis

• Key Idea: Conscious knowledge (from learning) can be used to monitor and correct language output.
  • This process involves thinking about the rules while speaking or writing.
• Implications: This monitoring system is most effective when learners have ample time to think and when they’re not under pressure. Overusing the monitor, however, can lead to hesitation and errors in communication.

4. Input Hypothesis

• Key Idea: Language learners acquire a language when they are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly above their current level (i+1).

  • This means the language should be understandable but still challenging enough to stimulate learning.

• Implications: Teachers should provide input that is just beyond the learner’s current abilities to promote language development.

5. Affective Filter Hypothesis

• Key Idea: Emotional factors, such as motivation and anxiety, can influence the success of language acquisition.
  • If learners are motivated and relaxed, they are more likely to absorb and understand new language.
• Implications: Positive emotions enhance language learning, while anxiety or lack of motivation can act as a “filter” that blocks language acquisition.

Conclusion

Stephen Krashen’s Monitor Model-(brief overview). Krashen’s work highlights the importance of meaningful exposure to language, motivation, and emotional factors in fostering effective language acquisition.
This model has been highly influential in understanding how people acquire second languages, especially in a natural, immersive setting. (more…)