What are bilingual education theories?(2)

4. Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingualism

• Key Idea:
  • Additive Bilingualism: Learning a second language (L2) while maintaining and developing the first language (L1). This leads to cognitive and cultural enrichment.
  • Subtractive Bilingualism: Learning L2 at the expense of L1, often resulting in language loss and negative effects on identity and academics.

• Implications: Effective bilingual programs should aim for additive bilingualism, supporting both L1 and L2 development.

5. Translanguaging Theory

• Key Idea: Bilinguals naturally use all their linguistic resources to make meaning, without strict separation between languages.
• Implications: Bilingual classrooms should allow and encourage the flexible use of both languages, integrating them for learning and communication.

6. Linguistic Interdependence Hypothesis

• Key Idea: Language skills, such as literacy and problem-solving, transfer from one language to another, particularly if both languages share similar writing systems or grammar.
• Implications: Educators can build on L1 skills to accelerate L2 learning (e.g., teaching reading strategies in both languages).

(To be continued)