What are language acquisition theories?(2)

2. Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Theories

a. Interlanguage Development (Selinker)

• Key Idea: L2 learners create a dynamic linguistic system (interlanguage) that combines elements of their L1 and the target language.
• Implications: Errors in the interlanguage are seen as developmental rather than failures.

b. Monitor Model (Krashen)

• Five Hypotheses:

1. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis: Acquisition (subconscious) is more effective than learning (conscious study).
2. Natural Order Hypothesis: Language structures are acquired in a predictable sequence.
3. Monitor Hypothesis: Conscious knowledge is used to monitor and edit language output.
4. Input Hypothesis: Comprehensible input (i+1) is essential for acquisition.
5. Affective Filter Hypothesis: Emotional states (motivation, anxiety) can enhance or block language acquisition.

c. Output Hypothesis (Swain)

• Key Idea: Producing language (speaking or writing) helps learners process language at a deeper level.
• Implications: Tasks requiring language production (e.g., speaking activities) foster learning.

d. Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky)

• Key Idea: Interaction and social mediation are central to L2 acquisition.
• Implications: Collaborative tasks, peer interactions, and scaffolding play a significant role in L2 learning.

e. Processability Theory (Pienemann)

• Key Idea: L2 learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable sequence based on their cognitive processing ability.
• Implications: Teachers should align instruction with learners’ developmental stages.

(To be continued)