What are the secondary (derived) languages?(1)

Secondary, or derived, languages are those that influenced and developed from earlier languages, evolving from one or more “pristine” or origin languages. These languages often emerge through a process of linguistic evolution, including borrowing, merging, and adapting features from parent languages. Here are some examples of secondary languages and their origins:

• Latin-derived (Romance) languages: Languages like Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian evolved from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. Over centuries, Latin changed regionally, giving rise to these distinct yet related Romance languages.
• Germanic languages: Languages such as English, German, Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages evolved from an earlier Proto-Germanic language. English, in particular, has been shaped by influences from Latin, Norse, and French due to historical contact.
• Slavic languages: Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, and Bulgarian are derived from an early Proto-Slavic language. These languages spread across Eastern Europe and developed distinct characteristics while retaining a shared Slavic heritage.
• Indo-Aryan languages: Languages like Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and Urdu evolved from Sanskrit and Prakrit languages in ancient India. Sanskrit provided much of the foundational vocabulary and grammar for these languages, though each evolved unique traits.
• Arabic-derived languages: Many regional Arabic dialects, including Egyptian Arabic, Levantine Arabic, and Moroccan Arabic, evolved from Classical Arabic. Though they are all forms of Arabic, they have developed distinct vocabulary and pronunciation, influenced by local languages.
• Creole languages:Creoles, such as Haitian Creole, Jamaican Patois, and Louisiana Creole, are derived from contact languages formed through a blend of European languages (often French, English, or Spanish) and African, Indigenous, or other local languages. These languages typically arise in regions affected by colonialism and the slave trade.
• Old Norse-derived languages: Modern Scandinavian languages like Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish evolved from Old Norse, the language of the Vikings. Although they share a common origin, each developed unique phonological and grammatical features.

Secondary languages are rich with history and reflect the cultural and social exchanges that shaped them. These languages continue to evolve, influenced by contact with other languages, technological advances, and shifting social contexts.

(To be continued)