What is error analysis in linguistics?

Error analysis in linguistics is the study of errors made by language learners in order to understand the processes involved in second language acquisition (SLA). Unlike contrastive analysis, which predicts errors based on differences between a learner’s first language (L1) and second language (L2), error analysis focuses on the actual mistakes learners make, without assuming that all errors stem from language transfer.

Key aspects of error analysis include:

Collection of Learner Data: Errors are typically collected from learners’ spoken or written language, and these are systematically analyzed.

Classification of Errors: Errors can be categorized into different types, such as:

Interlingual errors: Errors caused by interference from the learner’s L1.

Intralingual errors: Errors that occur due to the complexities of the L2 itself, such as overgeneralization of rules or simplification.

Explanation of Errors: After categorizing errors, linguists attempt to explain why they occur. This might involve looking at developmental stages in language learning, transfer from the L1, or the learners’ strategies for dealing with linguistic complexity.

Implications for Language Teaching: By understanding the types and causes of errors, teachers can better address learners’ specific needs, adjust their teaching strategies, and focus on areas that require additional attention.

Error analysis emerged in response to the limitations of contrastive analysis and has become an important tool for gaining insight into how learners develop proficiency in an L2. It highlights that not all errors are due to L1 interference and that some are a natural part of the learning process.