What is grammar in linguistics?

The Basics of Grammar in Linguistics

What is Grammar?

Grammar is the system of rules that governs how words are formed and arranged into sentences. It’s the backbone of every language, shaping how we communicate thoughts, ideas, and emotions.

When most people think of grammar, they imagine school rules—like not ending a sentence with a preposition or using “whom” instead of “who.”

But linguistic grammar goes beyond these traditional rules. It doesn’t just tell us what is “right” or “wrong” in a language; it analyzes how languages actually work across different cultures and societies.

Linguistic Grammar vs. Traditional Grammar

Many people confuse linguistic grammar with prescriptive grammar (the “rules” taught in school). However, linguists focus on descriptive grammar, which means observing and explaining how language is actually used.

For example, in standard English, it’s incorrect to say:

❌ I ain’t got no money.

But in some dialects (such as African American English and Cockney English),
double negatives are normal and fully understood:

✔ “I ain’t got no money” = “I don’t have any money”

Linguists don’t judge these variations as “wrong”; instead, they study why different dialects and languages develop unique grammatical rules.

The Core Components of Grammar

Grammar consists of several key areas. Each one plays a crucial role in shaping a language.

1. Morphology – The Structure of Words

2. Syntax – The Structure of Sentences

3. Phonology – The Sounds of Grammar

4. Semantics – Meaning in Grammar

5. Pragmatics – Context in Grammar 

Conclusion

Grammar is more than just a set of rigid rules—it’s a dynamic system that shapes how we communicate.
By studying morphology, syntax, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics, we gain insight into how language functions and evolves.

Conclusion

Whether you’re learning a new language or exploring linguistic theory, grammar is a key foundation in understanding communication.