What is Stephen Krashen’s “Free Voluntary Reading”?

Stephen Krashen’s “Free Voluntary Reading” (FVR) is a concept rooted in his theories of language acquisition and literacy development. FVR refers to the act of reading by choice for pleasure, without any academic pressure or imposed requirements. According to Krashen, FVR is one of the most effective ways to improve language skills, particularly for second language learners and developing readers, as it fosters natural language acquisition in an engaging and low-pressure environment.

Key Features of Free Voluntary Reading (FVR):

1. Reader Autonomy:

• Readers choose what to read based on their interests, ensuring a high level of motivation and engagement.

2. No Requirements or Pressure:

• There are no assignments, quizzes, or analyses tied to the reading material, allowing readers to enjoy the process freely.

3. Focus on Comprehensible Input:

• The reading material should be at a level where the majority of the content is understandable (Krashen’s concept of “i+1″—just slightly beyond the reader’s current proficiency).

4. Emphasis on Pleasure:

• Reading is done for enjoyment and curiosity, not as a task or obligation.

5. Diverse Material:

• FVR can include novels, comics, magazines, newspapers, or even online content like blogs and fanfiction—whatever the reader finds enjoyable.

Benefits of Free Voluntary Reading:

1. Improved Language Skills:

• Vocabulary: Readers acquire new words naturally in context.
• Grammar: Exposure to correct language usage reinforces grammar intuitively.
• Fluency: Regular reading builds speed and comprehension over time.

2. Enhanced Literacy:

• FVR fosters a love for reading, which can lead to lifelong literacy habits.

3. Natural Language Acquisition:

• For second-language learners, FVR provides rich, contextual input that helps internalize language without explicit instruction.

4. Increased Knowledge and Empathy:

• Readers are exposed to different cultures, ideas, and perspectives, broadening their worldview and fostering empathy.

5. Stress-Free Learning:

• The absence of academic pressure creates a positive, enjoyable reading experience, which is crucial for sustained learning.

Krashen’s Evidence Supporting FVR:

Krashen’s research demonstrates that free voluntary reading can lead to significant improvements in:

1. Second Language Acquisition:

• Studies show that extensive reading helps second-language learners acquire grammar and vocabulary more effectively than formal instruction alone.

2. Academic Performance:

• Students who engage in regular voluntary reading often outperform their peers on reading comprehension and writing assessments.

3. Personal Development:

• FVR readers develop self-confidence in their reading ability and a deeper interest in learning.

Practical Applications of FVR:

1. Classroom Settings:

• Establish classroom libraries with diverse reading materials.
• Dedicate time for silent, free-choice reading.

2. Parental Involvement:

• Encourage children to explore books they love at home, without restrictions.

3. Community Libraries:

• Provide accessible and varied reading resources for all ages.

FVR vs. Traditional Reading Approaches:

Krashen’s Perspective on FVR:

Krashen argues that FVR is not just a supplementary activity but a cornerstone of effective language acquisition and literacy development. He highlights the importance of creating environments where books are readily available, and reading is encouraged as a pleasurable, voluntary activity.

In his own words:

“When it comes to developing literacy and language competence, free voluntary reading is the single most effective tool we have.”

FVR aligns closely with extensive reading practices but emphasizes the voluntary and pleasurable nature of the activity. It reflects Krashen’s broader theories that meaningful, low-stress input is essential for learning and growth.